GPU: Pre-emptively flush textures that are flushed often (to imported memory when available) (#4711)

* WIP texture pre-flush

Improve performance of TextureView GetData to buffer

Fix copy/sync ordering

Fix minor bug

Make this actually work

WIP host mapping stuff

* Fix usage flags

* message

* Cleanup 1

* Fix rebase

* Fix

* Improve pre-flush rules

* Fix pre-flush

* A lot of cleanup

* Use the host memory bits

* Select the correct memory type

* Cleanup TextureGroupHandle

* Missing comment

* Remove debugging logs

* Revert BufferHandle _value access modifier

* One interrupt action at a time.

* Support D32S8 to D24S8 conversion, safeguards

* Interrupt cannot happen in sync handle's lock

Waitable needs to be checked twice now, but this should stop it from deadlocking.

* Remove unused using

* Address some feedback

* Address feedback

* Address more feedback

* Address more feedback

* Improve sync rules

Should allow for faster sync in some cases.

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/BufferAccess.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL
+{
+    public enum BufferAccess
+    {
+        Default,
+        FlushPersistent
+    }
+}

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/IRenderer.cs

@@ -21,11 +21,14 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL
         {
             return CreateBuffer(size, BufferHandle.Null);
         }
+        BufferHandle CreateBuffer(nint pointer, int size);
+        BufferHandle CreateBuffer(int size, BufferAccess access);
 
         IProgram CreateProgram(ShaderSource[] shaders, ShaderInfo info);
 
         ISampler CreateSampler(SamplerCreateInfo info);
         ITexture CreateTexture(TextureCreateInfo info, float scale);
+        bool PrepareHostMapping(nint address, ulong size);
 
         void CreateSync(ulong id, bool strict);
 

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/ITexture.cs

@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL
         void CopyTo(ITexture destination, int firstLayer, int firstLevel);
         void CopyTo(ITexture destination, int srcLayer, int dstLayer, int srcLevel, int dstLevel);
         void CopyTo(ITexture destination, Extents2D srcRegion, Extents2D dstRegion, bool linearFilter);
+        void CopyTo(BufferRange range, int layer, int level, int stride);
 
         ITexture CreateView(TextureCreateInfo info, int firstLayer, int firstLevel);
 

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/Multithreading/CommandHelper.cs

@@ -43,6 +43,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading
 
             Register<ActionCommand>(CommandType.Action);
             Register<CreateBufferCommand>(CommandType.CreateBuffer);
+            Register<CreateBufferAccessCommand>(CommandType.CreateBufferAccess);
+            Register<CreateHostBufferCommand>(CommandType.CreateHostBuffer);
             Register<CreateProgramCommand>(CommandType.CreateProgram);
             Register<CreateSamplerCommand>(CommandType.CreateSampler);
             Register<CreateSyncCommand>(CommandType.CreateSync);
@@ -69,6 +71,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading
             Register<TextureCopyToCommand>(CommandType.TextureCopyTo);
             Register<TextureCopyToScaledCommand>(CommandType.TextureCopyToScaled);
             Register<TextureCopyToSliceCommand>(CommandType.TextureCopyToSlice);
+            Register<TextureCopyToBufferCommand>(CommandType.TextureCopyToBuffer);
             Register<TextureCreateViewCommand>(CommandType.TextureCreateView);
             Register<TextureGetDataCommand>(CommandType.TextureGetData);
             Register<TextureGetDataSliceCommand>(CommandType.TextureGetDataSlice);

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/Multithreading/CommandType.cs

@@ -4,6 +4,8 @@
     {
         Action,
         CreateBuffer,
+        CreateBufferAccess,
+        CreateHostBuffer,
         CreateProgram,
         CreateSampler,
         CreateSync,
@@ -29,6 +31,7 @@
         SamplerDispose,
 
         TextureCopyTo,
+        TextureCopyToBuffer,
         TextureCopyToScaled,
         TextureCopyToSlice,
         TextureCreateView,

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/Multithreading/Commands/Renderer/CreateBufferAccessCommand.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Commands.Renderer
+{
+    struct CreateBufferAccessCommand : IGALCommand, IGALCommand<CreateBufferAccessCommand>
+    {
+        public CommandType CommandType => CommandType.CreateBufferAccess;
+        private BufferHandle _threadedHandle;
+        private int _size;
+        private BufferAccess _access;
+
+        public void Set(BufferHandle threadedHandle, int size, BufferAccess access)
+        {
+            _threadedHandle = threadedHandle;
+            _size = size;
+            _access = access;
+        }
+
+        public static void Run(ref CreateBufferAccessCommand command, ThreadedRenderer threaded, IRenderer renderer)
+        {
+            threaded.Buffers.AssignBuffer(command._threadedHandle, renderer.CreateBuffer(command._size, command._access));
+        }
+    }
+}

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/Multithreading/Commands/Renderer/CreateHostBufferCommand.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Commands.Renderer
+{
+    struct CreateHostBufferCommand : IGALCommand, IGALCommand<CreateHostBufferCommand>
+    {
+        public CommandType CommandType => CommandType.CreateHostBuffer;
+        private BufferHandle _threadedHandle;
+        private nint _pointer;
+        private int _size;
+
+        public void Set(BufferHandle threadedHandle, nint pointer, int size)
+        {
+            _threadedHandle = threadedHandle;
+            _pointer = pointer;
+            _size = size;
+        }
+
+        public static void Run(ref CreateHostBufferCommand command, ThreadedRenderer threaded, IRenderer renderer)
+        {
+            threaded.Buffers.AssignBuffer(command._threadedHandle, renderer.CreateBuffer(command._pointer, command._size));
+        }
+    }
+}

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/Multithreading/Commands/Texture/TextureCopyToBufferCommand.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Model;
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Resources;
+
+namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Commands.Texture
+{
+    struct TextureCopyToBufferCommand : IGALCommand, IGALCommand<TextureCopyToBufferCommand>
+    {
+        public CommandType CommandType => CommandType.TextureCopyToBuffer;
+        private TableRef<ThreadedTexture> _texture;
+        private BufferRange _range;
+        private int _layer;
+        private int _level;
+        private int _stride;
+
+        public void Set(TableRef<ThreadedTexture> texture, BufferRange range, int layer, int level, int stride)
+        {
+            _texture = texture;
+            _range = range;
+            _layer = layer;
+            _level = level;
+            _stride = stride;
+        }
+
+        public static void Run(ref TextureCopyToBufferCommand command, ThreadedRenderer threaded, IRenderer renderer)
+        {
+            command._texture.Get(threaded).Base.CopyTo(threaded.Buffers.MapBufferRange(command._range), command._layer, command._level, command._stride);
+        }
+    }
+}

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/Multithreading/Resources/ThreadedTexture.cs

@@ -108,6 +108,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Resources
             }
         }
 
+        public void CopyTo(BufferRange range, int layer, int level, int stride)
+        {
+            _renderer.New<TextureCopyToBufferCommand>().Set(Ref(this), range, layer, level, stride);
+            _renderer.QueueCommand();
+        }
+
         public void SetData(SpanOrArray<byte> data)
         {
             _renderer.New<TextureSetDataCommand>().Set(Ref(this), Ref(data.ToArray()));

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/Multithreading/ThreadedRenderer.cs

@@ -57,6 +57,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading
         private int _refConsumerPtr;
 
         private Action _interruptAction;
+        private object _interruptLock = new();
 
         public event EventHandler<ScreenCaptureImageInfo> ScreenCaptured;
 
@@ -274,6 +275,24 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading
             return handle;
         }
 
+        public BufferHandle CreateBuffer(nint pointer, int size)
+        {
+            BufferHandle handle = Buffers.CreateBufferHandle();
+            New<CreateHostBufferCommand>().Set(handle, pointer, size);
+            QueueCommand();
+
+            return handle;
+        }
+
+        public BufferHandle CreateBuffer(int size, BufferAccess access)
+        {
+            BufferHandle handle = Buffers.CreateBufferHandle();
+            New<CreateBufferAccessCommand>().Set(handle, size, access);
+            QueueCommand();
+
+            return handle;
+        }
+
         public IProgram CreateProgram(ShaderSource[] shaders, ShaderInfo info)
         {
             var program = new ThreadedProgram(this);
@@ -448,11 +467,14 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading
             }
             else
             {
-                while (Interlocked.CompareExchange(ref _interruptAction, action, null) != null) { }
+                lock (_interruptLock)
+                {
+                    while (Interlocked.CompareExchange(ref _interruptAction, action, null) != null) { }
 
-                _galWorkAvailable.Set();
+                    _galWorkAvailable.Set();
 
-                _interruptRun.WaitOne();
+                    _interruptRun.WaitOne();
+                }
             }
         }
 
@@ -461,6 +483,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading
             // Threaded renderer ignores given interrupt action, as it provides its own to the child renderer.
         }
 
+        public bool PrepareHostMapping(nint address, ulong size)
+        {
+            return _baseRenderer.PrepareHostMapping(address, size);
+        }
+
         public void Dispose()
         {
             // Dispose must happen from the render thread, after all commands have completed.

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Engine/GPFifo/GPFifoClass.cs

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.Device;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.MME;
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Synchronization;
 using System;
 using System.Collections.Generic;
 using System.Threading;
@@ -59,7 +60,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.GPFifo
             if (_createSyncPending)
             {
                 _createSyncPending = false;
-                _context.CreateHostSyncIfNeeded(false, false);
+                _context.CreateHostSyncIfNeeded(HostSyncFlags.None);
             }
         }
 
@@ -157,7 +158,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.GPFifo
             }
             else if (operation == SyncpointbOperation.Incr)
             {
-                _context.CreateHostSyncIfNeeded(true, true);
+                _context.CreateHostSyncIfNeeded(HostSyncFlags.StrictSyncpoint);
                 _context.Synchronization.IncrementSyncpoint(syncpointId);
             }
 
@@ -184,7 +185,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.GPFifo
         {
             _context.Renderer.Pipeline.CommandBufferBarrier();
 
-            _context.CreateHostSyncIfNeeded(false, true);
+            _context.CreateHostSyncIfNeeded(HostSyncFlags.Strict);
         }
 
         /// <summary>

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Engine/Threed/ThreedClass.cs

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.GPFifo;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.InlineToMemory;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.Threed.Blender;
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Synchronization;
 using System;
 using System.Collections.Generic;
 using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
@@ -254,7 +255,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.Threed
             uint syncpointId = (uint)argument & 0xFFFF;
 
             _context.AdvanceSequence();
-            _context.CreateHostSyncIfNeeded(true, true);
+            _context.CreateHostSyncIfNeeded(HostSyncFlags.StrictSyncpoint);
             _context.Renderer.UpdateCounters(); // Poll the query counters, the game may want an updated result.
             _context.Synchronization.IncrementSyncpoint(syncpointId);
         }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/GpuContext.cs

@@ -60,14 +60,14 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu
         /// If there are more than 0 items when this happens, a host sync object will be generated for the given <see cref="SyncNumber"/>,
         /// and the SyncNumber will be incremented.
         /// </summary>
-        internal List<Action> SyncActions { get; }
+        internal List<ISyncActionHandler> SyncActions { get; }
 
         /// <summary>
         /// Actions to be performed when a CPU waiting syncpoint is triggered.
         /// If there are more than 0 items when this happens, a host sync object will be generated for the given <see cref="SyncNumber"/>,
         /// and the SyncNumber will be incremented.
         /// </summary>
-        internal List<Action> SyncpointActions { get; }
+        internal List<ISyncActionHandler> SyncpointActions { get; }
 
         /// <summary>
         /// Buffer migrations that are currently in-flight. These are checked whenever sync is created to determine if buffer migration
@@ -114,8 +114,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu
 
             HostInitalized = new ManualResetEvent(false);
 
-            SyncActions = new List<Action>();
-            SyncpointActions = new List<Action>();
+            SyncActions = new List<ISyncActionHandler>();
+            SyncpointActions = new List<ISyncActionHandler>();
             BufferMigrations = new List<BufferMigration>();
 
             DeferredActions = new Queue<Action>();
@@ -296,9 +296,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu
         /// Registers an action to be performed the next time a syncpoint is incremented.
         /// This will also ensure a host sync object is created, and <see cref="SyncNumber"/> is incremented.
         /// </summary>
-        /// <param name="action">The action to be performed on sync object creation</param>
+        /// <param name="action">The resource with action to be performed on sync object creation</param>
         /// <param name="syncpointOnly">True if the sync action should only run when syncpoints are incremented</param>
-        public void RegisterSyncAction(Action action, bool syncpointOnly = false)
+        internal void RegisterSyncAction(ISyncActionHandler action, bool syncpointOnly = false)
         {
             if (syncpointOnly)
             {
@@ -315,10 +315,13 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu
         /// Creates a host sync object if there are any pending sync actions. The actions will then be called.
         /// If no actions are present, a host sync object is not created.
         /// </summary>
-        /// <param name="syncpoint">True if host sync is being created by a syncpoint</param>
-        /// <param name="strict">True if the sync should signal as soon as possible</param>
-        public void CreateHostSyncIfNeeded(bool syncpoint, bool strict)
+        /// <param name="flags">Modifiers for how host sync should be created</param>
+        internal void CreateHostSyncIfNeeded(HostSyncFlags flags)
         {
+            bool syncpoint = flags.HasFlag(HostSyncFlags.Syncpoint);
+            bool strict = flags.HasFlag(HostSyncFlags.Strict);
+            bool force = flags.HasFlag(HostSyncFlags.Force);
+
             if (BufferMigrations.Count > 0)
             {
                 ulong currentSyncNumber = Renderer.GetCurrentSync();
@@ -336,24 +339,17 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu
                 }
             }
 
-            if (_pendingSync || (syncpoint && SyncpointActions.Count > 0))
+            if (force || _pendingSync || (syncpoint && SyncpointActions.Count > 0))
             {
                 Renderer.CreateSync(SyncNumber, strict);
 
+                SyncActions.ForEach(action => action.SyncPreAction(syncpoint));
+                SyncpointActions.ForEach(action => action.SyncPreAction(syncpoint));
+
                 SyncNumber++;
 
-                foreach (Action action in SyncActions)
-                {
-                    action();
-                }
-
-                foreach (Action action in SyncpointActions)
-                {
-                    action();
-                }
-
-                SyncActions.Clear();
-                SyncpointActions.Clear();
+                SyncActions.RemoveAll(action => action.SyncAction(syncpoint));
+                SyncpointActions.RemoveAll(action => action.SyncAction(syncpoint));
             }
 
             _pendingSync = false;

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Image/Texture.cs

@@ -1423,7 +1423,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
                 _scaledSetScore = Math.Max(0, _scaledSetScore - 1);
             }
 
-            if (_modifiedStale || Group.HasCopyDependencies)
+            if (_modifiedStale || Group.HasCopyDependencies || Group.HasFlushBuffer)
             {
                 _modifiedStale = false;
                 Group.SignalModifying(this, bound);
@@ -1685,6 +1685,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
 
             if (Group.Storage == this)
             {
+                Group.Unmapped();
+
                 Group.ClearModified(unmapRange);
             }
         }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Image/TextureGroup.cs

@@ -57,6 +57,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
         /// </summary>
         public bool HasCopyDependencies { get; set; }
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Indicates if the texture group has a pre-emptive flush buffer.
+        /// When one is present, the group must always be notified on unbind.
+        /// </summary>
+        public bool HasFlushBuffer => _flushBuffer != BufferHandle.Null;
+
         /// <summary>
         /// Indicates if this texture has any incompatible overlaps alive.
         /// </summary>
@@ -89,6 +95,10 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
         private bool _incompatibleOverlapsDirty = true;
         private bool _flushIncompatibleOverlaps;
 
+        private BufferHandle _flushBuffer;
+        private bool _flushBufferImported;
+        private bool _flushBufferInvalid;
+
         /// <summary>
         /// Create a new texture group.
         /// </summary>
@@ -464,8 +474,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
         /// </remarks>
         /// <param name="tracked">True if writing the texture data is tracked, false otherwise</param>
         /// <param name="sliceIndex">The index of the slice to flush</param>
+        /// <param name="inBuffer">Whether the flushed texture data is up to date in the flush buffer</param>
         /// <param name="texture">The specific host texture to flush. Defaults to the storage texture</param>
-        private void FlushTextureDataSliceToGuest(bool tracked, int sliceIndex, ITexture texture = null)
+        private void FlushTextureDataSliceToGuest(bool tracked, int sliceIndex, bool inBuffer, ITexture texture = null)
         {
             (int layer, int level) = GetLayerLevelForView(sliceIndex);
 
@@ -475,7 +486,16 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
 
             using WritableRegion region = _physicalMemory.GetWritableRegion(Storage.Range.Slice((ulong)offset, (ulong)size), tracked);
 
-            Storage.GetTextureDataSliceFromGpu(region.Memory.Span, layer, level, tracked, texture);
+            if (inBuffer)
+            {
+                using PinnedSpan<byte> data = _context.Renderer.GetBufferData(_flushBuffer, offset, size);
+
+                Storage.ConvertFromHostCompatibleFormat(region.Memory.Span, data.Get(), level, true);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                Storage.GetTextureDataSliceFromGpu(region.Memory.Span, layer, level, tracked, texture);
+            }
         }
 
         /// <summary>
@@ -484,12 +504,13 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
         /// <param name="tracked">True if writing the texture data is tracked, false otherwise</param>
         /// <param name="sliceStart">The first slice to flush</param>
         /// <param name="sliceEnd">The slice to finish flushing on (exclusive)</param>
+        /// <param name="inBuffer">Whether the flushed texture data is up to date in the flush buffer</param>
         /// <param name="texture">The specific host texture to flush. Defaults to the storage texture</param>
-        private void FlushSliceRange(bool tracked, int sliceStart, int sliceEnd, ITexture texture = null)
+        private void FlushSliceRange(bool tracked, int sliceStart, int sliceEnd, bool inBuffer, ITexture texture = null)
         {
             for (int i = sliceStart; i < sliceEnd; i++)
             {
-                FlushTextureDataSliceToGuest(tracked, i, texture);
+                FlushTextureDataSliceToGuest(tracked, i, inBuffer, texture);
             }
         }
 
@@ -520,7 +541,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
                         {
                             if (endSlice > startSlice)
                             {
-                                FlushSliceRange(tracked, startSlice, endSlice);
+                                FlushSliceRange(tracked, startSlice, endSlice, false);
                                 flushed = true;
                             }
 
@@ -553,7 +574,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
                     }
                     else
                     {
-                        FlushSliceRange(tracked, startSlice, endSlice);
+                        FlushSliceRange(tracked, startSlice, endSlice, false);
                     }
 
                     flushed = true;
@@ -565,6 +586,58 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
             return flushed;
         }
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Flush the texture data into a persistently mapped buffer.
+        /// If the buffer does not exist, this method will create it.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="handle">Handle of the texture group to flush slices of</param>
+        public void FlushIntoBuffer(TextureGroupHandle handle)
+        {
+            // Ensure that the buffer exists.
+
+            if (_flushBufferInvalid && _flushBuffer != BufferHandle.Null)
+            {
+                _flushBufferInvalid = false;
+                _context.Renderer.DeleteBuffer(_flushBuffer);
+                _flushBuffer = BufferHandle.Null;
+            }
+
+            if (_flushBuffer == BufferHandle.Null)
+            {
+                if (!TextureCompatibility.CanTextureFlush(Storage.Info, _context.Capabilities))
+                {
+                    return;
+                }
+
+                bool canImport = Storage.Info.IsLinear && Storage.Info.Stride >= Storage.Info.Width * Storage.Info.FormatInfo.BytesPerPixel;
+
+                var hostPointer = canImport ? _physicalMemory.GetHostPointer(Storage.Range) : 0;
+
+                if (hostPointer != 0 && _context.Renderer.PrepareHostMapping(hostPointer, Storage.Size))
+                {
+                    _flushBuffer = _context.Renderer.CreateBuffer(hostPointer, (int)Storage.Size);
+                    _flushBufferImported = true;
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    _flushBuffer = _context.Renderer.CreateBuffer((int)Storage.Size, BufferAccess.FlushPersistent);
+                    _flushBufferImported = false;
+                }
+
+                Storage.BlacklistScale();
+            }
+
+            int sliceStart = handle.BaseSlice;
+            int sliceEnd = sliceStart + handle.SliceCount;
+
+            for (int i = sliceStart; i < sliceEnd; i++)
+            {
+                (int layer, int level) = GetLayerLevelForView(i);
+
+                Storage.GetFlushTexture().CopyTo(new BufferRange(_flushBuffer, _allOffsets[i], _sliceSizes[level]), layer, level, _flushBufferImported ? Storage.Info.Stride : 0);
+            }
+        }
+
         /// <summary>
         /// Clears competing modified flags for all incompatible ranges, if they have possibly been modified.
         /// </summary>
@@ -1570,10 +1643,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
 
             _context.Renderer.BackgroundContextAction(() =>
             {
-                if (!isGpuThread)
-                {
-                    handle.Sync(_context);
-                }
+                bool inBuffer = !isGpuThread && handle.Sync(_context);
 
                 Storage.SignalModifiedDirty();
 
@@ -1585,13 +1655,24 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
                     }
                 }
 
-                if (TextureCompatibility.CanTextureFlush(Storage.Info, _context.Capabilities))
+                if (TextureCompatibility.CanTextureFlush(Storage.Info, _context.Capabilities) && !(inBuffer && _flushBufferImported))
                 {
-                    FlushSliceRange(false, handle.BaseSlice, handle.BaseSlice + handle.SliceCount, Storage.GetFlushTexture());
+                    FlushSliceRange(false, handle.BaseSlice, handle.BaseSlice + handle.SliceCount, inBuffer, Storage.GetFlushTexture());
                 }
             });
         }
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Called if any part of the storage texture is unmapped.
+        /// </summary>
+        public void Unmapped()
+        {
+            if (_flushBufferImported)
+            {
+                _flushBufferInvalid = true;
+            }
+        }
+
         /// <summary>
         /// Dispose this texture group, disposing all related memory tracking handles.
         /// </summary>
@@ -1606,6 +1687,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
             {
                 incompatible.Group._incompatibleOverlaps.RemoveAll(overlap => overlap.Group == this);
             }
+
+            if (_flushBuffer != BufferHandle.Null)
+            {
+                _context.Renderer.DeleteBuffer(_flushBuffer);
+            }
         }
     }
 }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Image/TextureGroupHandle.cs

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 using Ryujinx.Cpu.Tracking;
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Synchronization;
 using System;
 using System.Collections.Generic;
 using System.Linq;
@@ -13,8 +14,14 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
     /// Also tracks copy dependencies for the handle - references to other handles that must be kept
     /// in sync with this one before use.
     /// </summary>
-    class TextureGroupHandle : IDisposable
+    class TextureGroupHandle : ISyncActionHandler, IDisposable
     {
+        private const int FlushBalanceIncrement = 6;
+        private const int FlushBalanceWriteCost = 1;
+        private const int FlushBalanceThreshold = 7;
+        private const int FlushBalanceMax = 60;
+        private const int FlushBalanceMin = -10;
+
         private TextureGroup _group;
         private int _bindCount;
         private int _firstLevel;
@@ -26,6 +33,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
         /// The sync number last registered.
         /// </summary>
         private ulong _registeredSync;
+        private ulong _registeredBufferSync = ulong.MaxValue;
+        private ulong _registeredBufferGuestSync = ulong.MaxValue;
 
         /// <summary>
         /// The sync number when the texture was last modified by GPU.
@@ -42,6 +51,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
         /// </summary>
         private bool _syncActionRegistered;
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Determines the balance of synced writes to flushes.
+        /// Used to determine if the texture should always write data to a persistent buffer for flush.
+        /// </summary>
+        private int _flushBalance;
+
         /// <summary>
         /// The byte offset from the start of the storage of this handle.
         /// </summary>
@@ -132,6 +147,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
             }
 
             Handles = handles;
+
+            if (group.Storage.Info.IsLinear)
+            {
+                // Linear textures are presumed to be used for readback initially.
+                _flushBalance = FlushBalanceThreshold + FlushBalanceIncrement;
+            }
         }
 
         /// <summary>
@@ -159,6 +180,35 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
             }
         }
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Determine if the next sync will copy into the flush buffer.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>True if it will copy, false otherwise</returns>
+        private bool NextSyncCopies()
+        {
+            return _flushBalance - FlushBalanceWriteCost > FlushBalanceThreshold;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Alters the flush balance by the given value. Should increase significantly with each sync, decrease with each write.
+        /// A flush balance higher than the threshold will cause a texture to repeatedly copy to a flush buffer on each use.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="modifier">Value to add to the existing flush balance</param>
+        /// <returns>True if the new balance is over the threshold, false otherwise</returns>
+        private bool ModifyFlushBalance(int modifier)
+        {
+            int result;
+            int existingBalance;
+            do
+            {
+                existingBalance = _flushBalance;
+                result = Math.Max(FlushBalanceMin, Math.Min(FlushBalanceMax, existingBalance + modifier));
+            }
+            while (Interlocked.CompareExchange(ref _flushBalance, result, existingBalance) != existingBalance);
+
+            return result > FlushBalanceThreshold;
+        }
+
         /// <summary>
         /// Adds a single texture view as an overlap if its range overlaps.
         /// </summary>
@@ -204,7 +254,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
             if (!_syncActionRegistered)
             {
                 _modifiedSync = context.SyncNumber;
-                context.RegisterSyncAction(SyncAction, true);
+                context.RegisterSyncAction(this, true);
                 _syncActionRegistered = true;
             }
 
@@ -241,6 +291,13 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
         {
             SignalModified(context);
 
+            if (!bound && _syncActionRegistered && NextSyncCopies())
+            {
+                // On unbind, textures that flush often should immediately create sync so their result can be obtained as soon as possible.
+
+                context.CreateHostSyncIfNeeded(HostSyncFlags.Force);
+            }
+
             // Note: Bind count currently resets to 0 on inherit for safety, as the handle <-> view relationship can change.
             _bindCount = Math.Max(0, _bindCount + (bound ? 1 : -1));
         }
@@ -266,25 +323,35 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
         /// removing the modified flag if it was reached, or leaving it set if it has not yet been created.
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="context">The GPU context used to wait for sync</param>
-        public void Sync(GpuContext context)
+        /// <returns>True if the texture data can be read from the flush buffer</returns>
+        public bool Sync(GpuContext context)
         {
-            ulong registeredSync = _registeredSync;
-            long diff = (long)(context.SyncNumber - registeredSync);
+            // Currently assumes the calling thread is a guest thread.
+
+            bool inBuffer = _registeredBufferGuestSync != ulong.MaxValue;
+            ulong sync = inBuffer ? _registeredBufferGuestSync : _registeredSync;
+
+            long diff = (long)(context.SyncNumber - sync);
+
+            ModifyFlushBalance(FlushBalanceIncrement);
 
             if (diff > 0)
             {
-                context.Renderer.WaitSync(registeredSync);
+                context.Renderer.WaitSync(sync);
 
-                if ((long)(_modifiedSync - registeredSync) > 0)
+                if ((long)(_modifiedSync - sync) > 0)
                 {
                     // Flush the data in a previous state. Do not remove the modified flag - it will be removed to ignore following writes.
-                    return;
+                    return inBuffer;
                 }
 
                 Modified = false;
+
+                return inBuffer;
             }
 
             // If the difference is <= 0, no data is not ready yet. Flush any data we can without waiting or removing modified flag.
+            return false;
         }
 
         /// <summary>
@@ -296,15 +363,41 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
             Interlocked.Exchange(ref _actionRegistered, 0);
         }
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Action to perform before a sync number is registered after modification.
+        /// This action will copy the texture data to the flush buffer if this texture
+        /// flushes often enough, which is determined by the flush balance.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <inheritdoc/>
+        public void SyncPreAction(bool syncpoint)
+        {
+            if (syncpoint || NextSyncCopies())
+            {
+                if (ModifyFlushBalance(0) && _registeredBufferSync != _modifiedSync)
+                {
+                    _group.FlushIntoBuffer(this);
+                    _registeredBufferSync = _modifiedSync;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
         /// <summary>
         /// Action to perform when a sync number is registered after modification.
         /// This action will register a read tracking action on the memory tracking handle so that a flush from CPU can happen.
         /// </summary>
-        private void SyncAction()
+        /// <inheritdoc/>
+        public bool SyncAction(bool syncpoint)
         {
             // The storage will need to signal modified again to update the sync number in future.
             _group.Storage.SignalModifiedDirty();
 
+            bool lastInBuffer = _registeredBufferSync == _modifiedSync;
+
+            if (!lastInBuffer)
+            {
+                _registeredBufferSync = ulong.MaxValue;
+            }
+
             lock (Overlaps)
             {
                 foreach (Texture texture in Overlaps)
@@ -314,6 +407,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
             }
 
             // Register region tracking for CPU? (again)
+
             _registeredSync = _modifiedSync;
             _syncActionRegistered = false;
 
@@ -321,6 +415,14 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
             {
                 _group.RegisterAction(this);
             }
+
+            if (syncpoint)
+            {
+                _registeredBufferGuestSync = _registeredBufferSync;
+            }
+
+            // If the last modification is in the buffer, keep this sync action alive until it sees a syncpoint.
+            return syncpoint || !lastInBuffer;
         }
 
         /// <summary>

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Memory/Buffer.cs

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 using Ryujinx.Cpu.Tracking;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL;
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Synchronization;
 using Ryujinx.Memory.Range;
 using Ryujinx.Memory.Tracking;
 using System;
@@ -11,7 +12,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
     /// <summary>
     /// Buffer, used to store vertex and index data, uniform and storage buffers, and others.
     /// </summary>
-    class Buffer : IRange, IDisposable
+    class Buffer : IRange, ISyncActionHandler, IDisposable
     {
         private const ulong GranularBufferThreshold = 4096;
 
@@ -248,7 +249,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
 
             if (!_syncActionRegistered)
             {
-                _context.RegisterSyncAction(SyncAction);
+                _context.RegisterSyncAction(this);
                 _syncActionRegistered = true;
             }
         }
@@ -267,7 +268,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
         /// Action to be performed when a syncpoint is reached after modification.
         /// This will register read/write tracking to flush the buffer from GPU when its memory is used.
         /// </summary>
-        private void SyncAction()
+        /// <inheritdoc/>
+        public bool SyncAction(bool syncpoint)
         {
             _syncActionRegistered = false;
 
@@ -284,6 +286,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
                 _memoryTracking.RegisterAction(_externalFlushDelegate);
                 SynchronizeMemory(Address, Size);
             }
+
+            return true;
         }
 
         /// <summary>
@@ -296,7 +300,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
             {
                 if (from._syncActionRegistered && !_syncActionRegistered)
                 {
-                    _context.RegisterSyncAction(SyncAction);
+                    _context.RegisterSyncAction(this);
                     _syncActionRegistered = true;
                 }
 

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Memory/PhysicalMemory.cs

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ using Ryujinx.Memory.Tracking;
 using System;
 using System.Collections.Generic;
 using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
+using System.Linq;
 using System.Threading;
 
 namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
@@ -82,6 +83,34 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
             }
         }
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets a host pointer for a given range of application memory.
+        /// If the memory region is not a single contiguous block, this method returns 0.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>
+        /// Getting a host pointer is unsafe. It should be considered invalid immediately if the GPU memory is unmapped.
+        /// </remarks>
+        /// <param name="range">Ranges of physical memory where the target data is located</param>
+        /// <returns>Pointer to the range of memory</returns>
+        public nint GetHostPointer(MultiRange range)
+        {
+            if (range.Count == 1)
+            {
+                var singleRange = range.GetSubRange(0);
+                if (singleRange.Address != MemoryManager.PteUnmapped)
+                {
+                    var regions = _cpuMemory.GetHostRegions(singleRange.Address, singleRange.Size);
+
+                    if (regions != null && regions.Count() == 1)
+                    {
+                        return (nint)regions.First().Address;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            return 0;
+        }
+
         /// <summary>
         /// Gets a span of data from the application process.
         /// </summary>

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Synchronization/HostSyncFlags.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+using System;
+
+namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Synchronization
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Modifier flags for creating host sync.
+    /// </summary>
+    [Flags]
+    internal enum HostSyncFlags
+    {
+        None = 0,
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Present if host sync is being created by a syncpoint.
+        /// </summary>
+        Syncpoint = 1 << 0,
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Present if the sync should signal as soon as possible.
+        /// </summary>
+        Strict = 1 << 1,
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Present will force the sync to be created, even if no actions are eligible.
+        /// </summary>
+        Force = 1 << 2,
+
+        StrictSyncpoint = Strict | Syncpoint
+    }
+}

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Synchronization/ISyncActionHandler.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Synchronization
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// This interface indicates that a class can be registered for a sync action.
+    /// </summary>
+    interface ISyncActionHandler
+    {
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Action to be performed when some synchronizing action is reached after modification.
+        /// Generally used to register read/write tracking to flush resources from GPU when their memory is used.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="syncpoint">True if the action is a guest syncpoint</param>
+        /// <returns>True if the action is to be removed, false otherwise</returns>
+        bool SyncAction(bool syncpoint);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Action to be performed immediately before sync is created.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="syncpoint">True if the action is a guest syncpoint</param>
+        void SyncPreAction(bool syncpoint) { }
+    }
+}

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.OpenGL/Buffer.cs

@@ -42,6 +42,20 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.OpenGL
             return Handle.FromInt32<BufferHandle>(handle);
         }
 
+        public static BufferHandle CreatePersistent(int size)
+        {
+            int handle = GL.GenBuffer();
+
+            GL.BindBuffer(BufferTarget.CopyWriteBuffer, handle);
+            GL.BufferStorage(BufferTarget.CopyWriteBuffer, size, IntPtr.Zero,
+                BufferStorageFlags.MapPersistentBit |
+                BufferStorageFlags.MapCoherentBit |
+                BufferStorageFlags.ClientStorageBit |
+                BufferStorageFlags.MapReadBit);
+
+            return Handle.FromInt32<BufferHandle>(handle);
+        }
+
         public static void Copy(BufferHandle source, BufferHandle destination, int srcOffset, int dstOffset, int size)
         {
             GL.BindBuffer(BufferTarget.CopyReadBuffer, source.ToInt32());
@@ -60,7 +74,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.OpenGL
             // Data in the persistent buffer and host array is guaranteed to be available
             // until the next time the host thread requests data.
 
-            if (HwCapabilities.UsePersistentBufferForFlush)
+            if (renderer.PersistentBuffers.TryGet(buffer, out IntPtr ptr))
+            {
+                return new PinnedSpan<byte>(IntPtr.Add(ptr, offset).ToPointer(), size);
+            }
+            else if (HwCapabilities.UsePersistentBufferForFlush)
             {
                 return PinnedSpan<byte>.UnsafeFromSpan(renderer.PersistentBuffers.Default.GetBufferData(buffer, offset, size));
             }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.OpenGL/Image/TextureBuffer.cs

@@ -49,6 +49,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.OpenGL.Image
             return GetData();
         }
 
+        public void CopyTo(BufferRange range, int layer, int level, int stride)
+        {
+            throw new NotImplementedException();
+        }
+
         public void SetData(SpanOrArray<byte> data)
         {
             var dataSpan = data.AsSpan();

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.OpenGL/Image/TextureView.cs

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ using Ryujinx.Common;
 using Ryujinx.Common.Memory;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL;
 using System;
+using System.Diagnostics;
 
 namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.OpenGL.Image
 {
@@ -287,6 +288,26 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.OpenGL.Image
             }
         }
 
+        public void CopyTo(BufferRange range, int layer, int level, int stride)
+        {
+            if (stride != 0 && stride != BitUtils.AlignUp(Info.Width * Info.BytesPerPixel, 4))
+            {
+                throw new NotSupportedException("Stride conversion for texture copy to buffer not supported.");
+            }
+
+            GL.BindBuffer(BufferTarget.PixelPackBuffer, range.Handle.ToInt32());
+
+            FormatInfo format = FormatTable.GetFormatInfo(Info.Format);
+            if (format.PixelFormat == PixelFormat.DepthStencil)
+            {
+                throw new InvalidOperationException("DepthStencil copy to buffer is not supported for layer/level > 0.");
+            }
+
+            int offset = WriteToPbo2D(range.Offset, layer, level);
+
+            Debug.Assert(offset == 0);
+        }
+
         public void WriteToPbo(int offset, bool forceBgra)
         {
             WriteTo(IntPtr.Zero + offset, forceBgra);

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.OpenGL/OpenGLRenderer.cs

@@ -58,10 +58,31 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.OpenGL
         }
 
         public BufferHandle CreateBuffer(int size, BufferHandle storageHint)
+        {
+            return CreateBuffer(size, GAL.BufferAccess.Default);
+        }
+
+        public BufferHandle CreateBuffer(int size, GAL.BufferAccess access)
         {
             BufferCount++;
 
-            return Buffer.Create(size);
+            if (access == GAL.BufferAccess.FlushPersistent)
+            {
+                BufferHandle handle = Buffer.CreatePersistent(size);
+
+                PersistentBuffers.Map(handle, size);
+
+                return handle;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                return Buffer.Create(size);
+            }
+        }
+
+        public BufferHandle CreateBuffer(nint pointer, int size)
+        {
+            throw new NotSupportedException();
         }
 
         public IProgram CreateProgram(ShaderSource[] shaders, ShaderInfo info)
@@ -88,6 +109,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.OpenGL
 
         public void DeleteBuffer(BufferHandle buffer)
         {
+            PersistentBuffers.Unmap(buffer);
+
             Buffer.Delete(buffer);
         }
 
@@ -272,5 +295,10 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.OpenGL
         {
             ScreenCaptured?.Invoke(this, bitmap);
         }
+
+        public bool PrepareHostMapping(nint address, ulong size)
+        {
+            return false;
+        }
     }
 }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.OpenGL/PersistentBuffers.cs

@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
-using OpenTK.Graphics.OpenGL;
+using OpenTK.Graphics.OpenGL;
 using Ryujinx.Common.Logging;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.OpenGL.Image;
 using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
 using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
 using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
 
@@ -13,6 +14,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.OpenGL
         private PersistentBuffer _main = new PersistentBuffer();
         private PersistentBuffer _background = new PersistentBuffer();
 
+        private Dictionary<BufferHandle, IntPtr> _maps = new Dictionary<BufferHandle, IntPtr>();
+
         public PersistentBuffer Default => BackgroundContextWorker.InBackground ? _background : _main;
 
         public void Dispose()
@@ -20,6 +23,30 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.OpenGL
             _main?.Dispose();
             _background?.Dispose();
         }
+
+        public void Map(BufferHandle handle, int size)
+        {
+            GL.BindBuffer(BufferTarget.CopyWriteBuffer, handle.ToInt32());
+            IntPtr ptr = GL.MapBufferRange(BufferTarget.CopyWriteBuffer, IntPtr.Zero, size, BufferAccessMask.MapReadBit | BufferAccessMask.MapPersistentBit);
+
+            _maps[handle] = ptr;
+        }
+
+        public void Unmap(BufferHandle handle)
+        {
+            if (_maps.ContainsKey(handle))
+            {
+                GL.BindBuffer(BufferTarget.CopyWriteBuffer, handle.ToInt32());
+                GL.UnmapBuffer(BufferTarget.CopyWriteBuffer);
+
+                _maps.Remove(handle);
+            }
+        }
+
+        public bool TryGet(BufferHandle handle, out IntPtr ptr)
+        {
+            return _maps.TryGetValue(handle, out ptr);
+        }
     }
 
     class PersistentBuffer : IDisposable

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan/BufferHolder.cs

@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
         private MemoryAllocation _allocation;
         private Auto<DisposableBuffer> _buffer;
         private Auto<MemoryAllocation> _allocationAuto;
+        private bool _allocationImported;
         private ulong _bufferHandle;
 
         private CacheByRange<BufferHolder> _cachedConvertedBuffers;
@@ -81,6 +82,26 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
             _flushLock = new ReaderWriterLock();
         }
 
+        public BufferHolder(VulkanRenderer gd, Device device, VkBuffer buffer, Auto<MemoryAllocation> allocation, int size, BufferAllocationType type, BufferAllocationType currentType, int offset)
+        {
+            _gd = gd;
+            _device = device;
+            _allocation = allocation.GetUnsafe();
+            _allocationAuto = allocation;
+            _allocationImported = true;
+            _waitable = new MultiFenceHolder(size);
+            _buffer = new Auto<DisposableBuffer>(new DisposableBuffer(gd.Api, device, buffer), _waitable, _allocationAuto);
+            _bufferHandle = buffer.Handle;
+            Size = size;
+            _map = _allocation.HostPointer + offset;
+
+            _baseType = type;
+            _currentType = currentType;
+            DesiredType = currentType;
+
+            _flushLock = new ReaderWriterLock();
+        }
+
         public bool TryBackingSwap(ref CommandBufferScoped? cbs)
         {
             if (_swapQueued && DesiredType != _currentType)
@@ -775,8 +796,15 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
             _gd.PipelineInternal?.FlushCommandsIfWeightExceeding(_buffer, (ulong)Size);
 
             _buffer.Dispose();
-            _allocationAuto.Dispose();
             _cachedConvertedBuffers.Dispose();
+            if (_allocationImported)
+            {
+                _allocationAuto.DecrementReferenceCount();
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                _allocationAuto.Dispose();
+            }
 
             _flushLock.AcquireWriterLock(Timeout.Infinite);
 

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan/BufferManager.cs

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
 {
     class BufferManager : IDisposable
     {
-        private const MemoryPropertyFlags DefaultBufferMemoryFlags =
+        public const MemoryPropertyFlags DefaultBufferMemoryFlags =
             MemoryPropertyFlags.HostVisibleBit |
             MemoryPropertyFlags.HostCoherentBit |
             MemoryPropertyFlags.HostCachedBit;
@@ -40,6 +40,10 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
             BufferUsageFlags.VertexBufferBit |
             BufferUsageFlags.TransformFeedbackBufferBitExt;
 
+        private const BufferUsageFlags HostImportedBufferUsageFlags =
+            BufferUsageFlags.TransferSrcBit |
+            BufferUsageFlags.TransferDstBit;
+
         private readonly Device _device;
 
         private readonly IdList<BufferHolder> _buffers;
@@ -48,11 +52,47 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
 
         public StagingBuffer StagingBuffer { get; }
 
+        public MemoryRequirements HostImportedBufferMemoryRequirements { get; }
+
         public BufferManager(VulkanRenderer gd, Device device)
         {
             _device = device;
             _buffers = new IdList<BufferHolder>();
             StagingBuffer = new StagingBuffer(gd, this);
+
+            HostImportedBufferMemoryRequirements = GetHostImportedUsageRequirements(gd);
+        }
+
+        public unsafe BufferHandle CreateHostImported(VulkanRenderer gd, nint pointer, int size)
+        {
+            var usage = HostImportedBufferUsageFlags;
+
+            if (gd.Capabilities.SupportsIndirectParameters)
+            {
+                usage |= BufferUsageFlags.IndirectBufferBit;
+            }
+
+            var bufferCreateInfo = new BufferCreateInfo()
+            {
+                SType = StructureType.BufferCreateInfo,
+                Size = (ulong)size,
+                Usage = usage,
+                SharingMode = SharingMode.Exclusive
+            };
+
+            gd.Api.CreateBuffer(_device, in bufferCreateInfo, null, out var buffer).ThrowOnError();
+
+            (Auto<MemoryAllocation> allocation, ulong offset) = gd.HostMemoryAllocator.GetExistingAllocation(pointer, (ulong)size);
+
+            gd.Api.BindBufferMemory(_device, buffer, allocation.GetUnsafe().Memory, allocation.GetUnsafe().Offset + offset);
+
+            var holder = new BufferHolder(gd, _device, buffer, allocation, size, BufferAllocationType.HostMapped, BufferAllocationType.HostMapped, (int)offset);
+
+            BufferCount++;
+
+            ulong handle64 = (uint)_buffers.Add(holder);
+
+            return Unsafe.As<ulong, BufferHandle>(ref handle64);
         }
 
         public BufferHandle CreateWithHandle(VulkanRenderer gd, int size, BufferAllocationType baseType = BufferAllocationType.HostMapped, BufferHandle storageHint = default)
@@ -75,6 +115,32 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
             return Unsafe.As<ulong, BufferHandle>(ref handle64);
         }
 
+        public unsafe MemoryRequirements GetHostImportedUsageRequirements(VulkanRenderer gd)
+        {
+            var usage = HostImportedBufferUsageFlags;
+
+            if (gd.Capabilities.SupportsIndirectParameters)
+            {
+                usage |= BufferUsageFlags.IndirectBufferBit;
+            }
+
+            var bufferCreateInfo = new BufferCreateInfo()
+            {
+                SType = StructureType.BufferCreateInfo,
+                Size = (ulong)Environment.SystemPageSize,
+                Usage = usage,
+                SharingMode = SharingMode.Exclusive
+            };
+
+            gd.Api.CreateBuffer(_device, in bufferCreateInfo, null, out var buffer).ThrowOnError();
+
+            gd.Api.GetBufferMemoryRequirements(_device, buffer, out var requirements);
+
+            gd.Api.DestroyBuffer(_device, buffer, null);
+
+            return requirements;
+        }
+
         public unsafe (VkBuffer buffer, MemoryAllocation allocation, BufferAllocationType resultType) CreateBacking(
             VulkanRenderer gd,
             int size,

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan/EnumConversion.cs

@@ -364,6 +364,15 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
             };
         }
 
+        public static BufferAllocationType Convert(this BufferAccess access)
+        {
+            return access switch
+            {
+                BufferAccess.FlushPersistent => BufferAllocationType.HostMapped,
+                _ => BufferAllocationType.Auto
+            };
+        }
+
         private static T2 LogInvalidAndReturn<T1, T2>(T1 value, string name, T2 defaultValue = default)
         {
             Logger.Debug?.Print(LogClass.Gpu, $"Invalid {name} enum value: {value}.");

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan/HardwareCapabilities.cs

@@ -41,6 +41,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
         public readonly bool SupportsPipelineStatisticsQuery;
         public readonly bool SupportsGeometryShader;
         public readonly bool SupportsViewportArray2;
+        public readonly bool SupportsHostImportedMemory;
         public readonly uint MinSubgroupSize;
         public readonly uint MaxSubgroupSize;
         public readonly ShaderStageFlags RequiredSubgroupSizeStages;
@@ -75,6 +76,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
             bool supportsPipelineStatisticsQuery,
             bool supportsGeometryShader,
             bool supportsViewportArray2,
+            bool supportsHostImportedMemory,
             uint minSubgroupSize,
             uint maxSubgroupSize,
             ShaderStageFlags requiredSubgroupSizeStages,
@@ -108,6 +110,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
             SupportsPipelineStatisticsQuery = supportsPipelineStatisticsQuery;
             SupportsGeometryShader = supportsGeometryShader;
             SupportsViewportArray2 = supportsViewportArray2;
+            SupportsHostImportedMemory = supportsHostImportedMemory;
             MinSubgroupSize = minSubgroupSize;
             MaxSubgroupSize = maxSubgroupSize;
             RequiredSubgroupSizeStages = requiredSubgroupSizeStages;

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan/HelperShader.cs

@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
         private readonly IProgram _programColorClearSI;
         private readonly IProgram _programColorClearUI;
         private readonly IProgram _programStrideChange;
+        private readonly IProgram _programConvertD32S8ToD24S8;
         private readonly IProgram _programConvertIndexBuffer;
         private readonly IProgram _programConvertIndirectData;
         private readonly IProgram _programColorCopyShortening;
@@ -158,6 +159,17 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
                 new ShaderSource(ShaderBinaries.ColorDrawToMsFragmentShaderSource, colorDrawToMsFragmentBindings, ShaderStage.Fragment, TargetLanguage.Spirv),
             });
 
+            var convertD32S8ToD24S8Bindings = new ShaderBindings(
+                new[] { 0 },
+                new[] { 1, 2 },
+                Array.Empty<int>(),
+                Array.Empty<int>());
+
+            _programConvertD32S8ToD24S8 = gd.CreateProgramWithMinimalLayout(new[]
+            {
+                new ShaderSource(ShaderBinaries.ConvertD32S8ToD24S8ShaderSource, convertD32S8ToD24S8Bindings, ShaderStage.Compute, TargetLanguage.Spirv),
+            });
+
             var convertIndexBufferBindings = new ShaderBindings(
                 new[] { 0 },
                 new[] { 1, 2 },
@@ -1644,6 +1656,82 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
             _pipeline.Finish(gd, cbs);
         }
 
+        public unsafe void ConvertD32S8ToD24S8(VulkanRenderer gd, CommandBufferScoped cbs, BufferHolder src, Auto<DisposableBuffer> dstBufferAuto, int pixelCount, int dstOffset)
+        {
+            int inSize = pixelCount * 2 * sizeof(int);
+            int outSize = pixelCount * sizeof(int);
+
+            var srcBufferAuto = src.GetBuffer();
+
+            var srcBuffer = srcBufferAuto.Get(cbs, 0, inSize).Value;
+            var dstBuffer = dstBufferAuto.Get(cbs, dstOffset, outSize).Value;
+
+            var access = AccessFlags.ShaderWriteBit;
+            var stage = PipelineStageFlags.ComputeShaderBit;
+
+            BufferHolder.InsertBufferBarrier(
+                gd,
+                cbs.CommandBuffer,
+                srcBuffer,
+                BufferHolder.DefaultAccessFlags,
+                AccessFlags.ShaderReadBit,
+                PipelineStageFlags.AllCommandsBit,
+                stage,
+                0,
+                outSize);
+
+            BufferHolder.InsertBufferBarrier(
+                gd,
+                cbs.CommandBuffer,
+                dstBuffer,
+                BufferHolder.DefaultAccessFlags,
+                access,
+                PipelineStageFlags.AllCommandsBit,
+                stage,
+                0,
+                outSize);
+
+            const int ParamsBufferSize = sizeof(int) * 2;
+
+            Span<int> shaderParams = stackalloc int[2];
+
+            shaderParams[0] = pixelCount;
+            shaderParams[1] = dstOffset;
+
+            var bufferHandle = gd.BufferManager.CreateWithHandle(gd, ParamsBufferSize);
+
+            gd.BufferManager.SetData<int>(bufferHandle, 0, shaderParams);
+
+            _pipeline.SetCommandBuffer(cbs);
+
+            _pipeline.SetUniformBuffers(stackalloc[] { new BufferAssignment(0, new BufferRange(bufferHandle, 0, ParamsBufferSize)) });
+
+            Span<Auto<DisposableBuffer>> sbRanges = new Auto<DisposableBuffer>[2];
+
+            sbRanges[0] = srcBufferAuto;
+            sbRanges[1] = dstBufferAuto;
+
+            _pipeline.SetStorageBuffers(1, sbRanges);
+
+            _pipeline.SetProgram(_programConvertD32S8ToD24S8);
+            _pipeline.DispatchCompute(1, 1, 1);
+
+            gd.BufferManager.Delete(bufferHandle);
+
+            _pipeline.Finish(gd, cbs);
+
+            BufferHolder.InsertBufferBarrier(
+                gd,
+                cbs.CommandBuffer,
+                dstBuffer,
+                access,
+                BufferHolder.DefaultAccessFlags,
+                stage,
+                PipelineStageFlags.AllCommandsBit,
+                0,
+                outSize);
+        }
+
         protected virtual void Dispose(bool disposing)
         {
             if (disposing)

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan/HostMemoryAllocator.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,188 @@
+using Ryujinx.Common;
+using Ryujinx.Common.Collections;
+using Ryujinx.Common.Logging;
+using Silk.NET.Vulkan;
+using Silk.NET.Vulkan.Extensions.EXT;
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+
+namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
+{
+    internal class HostMemoryAllocator
+    {
+        private struct HostMemoryAllocation
+        {
+            public readonly Auto<MemoryAllocation> Allocation;
+            public readonly IntPtr Pointer;
+            public readonly ulong Size;
+
+            public ulong Start => (ulong)Pointer;
+            public ulong End => (ulong)Pointer + Size;
+
+            public HostMemoryAllocation(Auto<MemoryAllocation> allocation, IntPtr pointer, ulong size)
+            {
+                Allocation = allocation;
+                Pointer = pointer;
+                Size = size;
+            }
+        }
+
+        private readonly MemoryAllocator _allocator;
+        private readonly Vk _api;
+        private readonly ExtExternalMemoryHost _hostMemoryApi;
+        private readonly Device _device;
+        private readonly object _lock = new();
+
+        private List<HostMemoryAllocation> _allocations;
+        private IntervalTree<ulong, HostMemoryAllocation> _allocationTree;
+
+        public HostMemoryAllocator(MemoryAllocator allocator, Vk api, ExtExternalMemoryHost hostMemoryApi, Device device)
+        {
+            _allocator = allocator;
+            _api = api;
+            _hostMemoryApi = hostMemoryApi;
+            _device = device;
+
+            _allocations = new List<HostMemoryAllocation>();
+            _allocationTree = new IntervalTree<ulong, HostMemoryAllocation>();
+        }
+
+        public unsafe bool TryImport(
+            MemoryRequirements requirements,
+            MemoryPropertyFlags flags,
+            IntPtr pointer,
+            ulong size)
+        {
+            lock (_lock)
+            {
+                // Does a compatible allocation exist in the tree?
+                var allocations = new HostMemoryAllocation[10];
+
+                ulong start = (ulong)pointer;
+                ulong end = start + size;
+
+                int count = _allocationTree.Get(start, end, ref allocations);
+
+                // A compatible range is one that where the start and end completely cover the requested range.
+                for (int i = 0; i < count; i++)
+                {
+                    HostMemoryAllocation existing = allocations[i];
+
+                    if (start >= existing.Start && end <= existing.End)
+                    {
+                        try
+                        {
+                            existing.Allocation.IncrementReferenceCount();
+
+                            return true;
+                        }
+                        catch (InvalidOperationException)
+                        {
+                            // Can throw if the allocation has been disposed.
+                            // Just continue the search if this happens.
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+
+                nint pageAlignedPointer = BitUtils.AlignDown(pointer, Environment.SystemPageSize);
+                nint pageAlignedEnd = BitUtils.AlignUp((nint)((ulong)pointer + size), Environment.SystemPageSize);
+                ulong pageAlignedSize = (ulong)(pageAlignedEnd - pageAlignedPointer);
+
+                Result getResult = _hostMemoryApi.GetMemoryHostPointerProperties(_device, ExternalMemoryHandleTypeFlags.HostAllocationBitExt, (void*)pageAlignedPointer, out MemoryHostPointerPropertiesEXT properties);
+                if (getResult < Result.Success)
+                {
+                    return false;
+                }
+
+                int memoryTypeIndex = _allocator.FindSuitableMemoryTypeIndex(properties.MemoryTypeBits & requirements.MemoryTypeBits, flags);
+                if (memoryTypeIndex < 0)
+                {
+                    return false;
+                }
+
+                ImportMemoryHostPointerInfoEXT importInfo = new ImportMemoryHostPointerInfoEXT()
+                {
+                    SType = StructureType.ImportMemoryHostPointerInfoExt,
+                    HandleType = ExternalMemoryHandleTypeFlags.HostAllocationBitExt,
+                    PHostPointer = (void*)pageAlignedPointer
+                };
+
+                var memoryAllocateInfo = new MemoryAllocateInfo()
+                {
+                    SType = StructureType.MemoryAllocateInfo,
+                    AllocationSize = pageAlignedSize,
+                    MemoryTypeIndex = (uint)memoryTypeIndex,
+                    PNext = &importInfo
+                };
+
+                Result result = _api.AllocateMemory(_device, memoryAllocateInfo, null, out var deviceMemory);
+
+                if (result < Result.Success)
+                {
+                    Logger.Debug?.PrintMsg(LogClass.Gpu, $"Host mapping import 0x{pageAlignedPointer:x16} 0x{pageAlignedSize:x8} failed.");
+                    return false;
+                }
+
+                var allocation = new MemoryAllocation(this, deviceMemory, pageAlignedPointer, 0, pageAlignedSize);
+                var allocAuto = new Auto<MemoryAllocation>(allocation);
+                var hostAlloc = new HostMemoryAllocation(allocAuto, pageAlignedPointer, pageAlignedSize);
+
+                allocAuto.IncrementReferenceCount();
+                allocAuto.Dispose(); // Kept alive by ref count only.
+
+                // Register this mapping for future use.
+
+                _allocationTree.Add(hostAlloc.Start, hostAlloc.End, hostAlloc);
+                _allocations.Add(hostAlloc);
+            }
+
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        public (Auto<MemoryAllocation>, ulong) GetExistingAllocation(IntPtr pointer, ulong size)
+        {
+            lock (_lock)
+            {
+                // Does a compatible allocation exist in the tree?
+                var allocations = new HostMemoryAllocation[10];
+
+                ulong start = (ulong)pointer;
+                ulong end = start + size;
+
+                int count = _allocationTree.Get(start, end, ref allocations);
+
+                // A compatible range is one that where the start and end completely cover the requested range.
+                for (int i = 0; i < count; i++)
+                {
+                    HostMemoryAllocation existing = allocations[i];
+
+                    if (start >= existing.Start && end <= existing.End)
+                    {
+                        return (existing.Allocation, start - existing.Start);
+                    }
+                }
+
+                throw new InvalidOperationException($"No host allocation was prepared for requested range 0x{pointer:x16}:0x{size:x16}.");
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void Free(DeviceMemory memory, ulong offset, ulong size)
+        {
+            lock (_lock)
+            {
+                _allocations.RemoveAll(allocation =>
+                {
+                    if (allocation.Allocation.GetUnsafe().Memory.Handle == memory.Handle)
+                    {
+                        _allocationTree.Remove(allocation.Start, allocation);
+                        return true;
+                    }
+
+                    return false;
+                });
+            }
+
+            _api.FreeMemory(_device, memory, ReadOnlySpan<AllocationCallbacks>.Empty);
+        }
+    }
+}

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan/MemoryAllocation.cs

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
     {
         private readonly MemoryAllocatorBlockList _owner;
         private readonly MemoryAllocatorBlockList.Block _block;
+        private readonly HostMemoryAllocator _hostMemory;
 
         public DeviceMemory Memory { get; }
         public IntPtr HostPointer { get;}
@@ -29,9 +30,30 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
             Size = size;
         }
 
+        public MemoryAllocation(
+            HostMemoryAllocator hostMemory,
+            DeviceMemory memory,
+            IntPtr hostPointer,
+            ulong offset,
+            ulong size)
+        {
+            _hostMemory = hostMemory;
+            Memory = memory;
+            HostPointer = hostPointer;
+            Offset = offset;
+            Size = size;
+        }
+
         public void Dispose()
         {
-            _owner.Free(_block, Offset, Size);
+            if (_hostMemory != null)
+            {
+                _hostMemory.Free(Memory, Offset, Size);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                _owner.Free(_block, Offset, Size);
+            }
         }
     }
 }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan/MemoryAllocator.cs

@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
             return newBl.Allocate(size, alignment, map);
         }
 
-        private int FindSuitableMemoryTypeIndex(
+        internal int FindSuitableMemoryTypeIndex(
             uint memoryTypeBits,
             MemoryPropertyFlags flags)
         {

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan/Shaders/ConvertD32S8ToD24S8ShaderSource.comp

@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+#version 450 core
+
+#extension GL_EXT_scalar_block_layout : require
+
+layout (local_size_x = 64, local_size_y = 1, local_size_z = 1) in;
+
+layout (std430, set = 0, binding = 0) uniform stride_arguments
+{
+    int pixelCount;
+    int dstStartOffset;
+};
+
+layout (std430, set = 1, binding = 1) buffer in_s
+{
+    uint[] in_data;
+};
+
+layout (std430, set = 1, binding = 2) buffer out_s
+{
+    uint[] out_data;
+};
+
+void main()
+{
+    // Determine what slice of the stride copies this invocation will perform.
+    int invocations = int(gl_WorkGroupSize.x);
+
+    int copiesRequired = pixelCount;
+
+    // Find the copies that this invocation should perform.
+    
+    // - Copies that all invocations perform.
+    int allInvocationCopies = copiesRequired / invocations;
+
+    // - Extra remainder copy that this invocation performs.
+    int index = int(gl_LocalInvocationID.x);
+    int extra = (index < (copiesRequired % invocations)) ? 1 : 0;
+
+    int copyCount = allInvocationCopies + extra;
+
+    // Finally, get the starting offset. Make sure to count extra copies.
+
+    int startCopy = allInvocationCopies * index + min(copiesRequired % invocations, index);
+
+    int srcOffset = startCopy * 2;
+    int dstOffset = dstStartOffset + startCopy;
+
+    // Perform the conversion for this region.
+    for (int i = 0; i < copyCount; i++)
+    {
+        float depth = uintBitsToFloat(in_data[srcOffset++]);
+        uint stencil = in_data[srcOffset++];
+
+        uint rescaledDepth = uint(clamp(depth, 0.0, 1.0) * 16777215.0);
+
+        out_data[dstOffset++] = (rescaledDepth << 8) | (stencil & 0xff);
+    }
+}

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan/Shaders/ShaderBinaries.cs

@@ -1236,6 +1236,213 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan.Shaders
             0x38, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00,
         };
 
+        public static readonly byte[] ConvertD32S8ToD24S8ShaderSource = new byte[]
+        {
+            0x03, 0x02, 0x23, 0x07, 0x00, 0x05, 0x01, 0x00, 0x0A, 0x00, 0x0D, 0x00, 0x77, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+            0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x11, 0x00, 0x02, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x0B, 0x00, 0x06, 0x00,
+            0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x47, 0x4C, 0x53, 0x4C, 0x2E, 0x73, 0x74, 0x64, 0x2E, 0x34, 0x35, 0x30,
+            0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x0E, 0x00, 0x03, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+            0x0F, 0x00, 0x09, 0x00, 0x05, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x04, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x6D, 0x61, 0x69, 0x6E,
+            0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x0D, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x1A, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x4F, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+            0x67, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x10, 0x00, 0x06, 0x00, 0x04, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x11, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+            0x40, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x03, 0x00, 0x03, 0x00,
+            0x02, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xC2, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x04, 0x00, 0x08, 0x00, 0x47, 0x4C, 0x5F, 0x45,
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+            0x59, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x58, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x27, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x3E, 0x00, 0x03, 0x00,
+            0x37, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x59, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x41, 0x00, 0x06, 0x00, 0x52, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+            0x5A, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x4F, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x0E, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x58, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+            0x3D, 0x00, 0x04, 0x00, 0x17, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x5B, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x5A, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+            0x3E, 0x00, 0x03, 0x00, 0x57, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x5B, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x3D, 0x00, 0x04, 0x00,
+            0x49, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x5D, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x4B, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x0C, 0x00, 0x08, 0x00,
+            0x49, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x60, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x2B, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+            0x5D, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x5E, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x5F, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x85, 0x00, 0x05, 0x00,
+            0x49, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x62, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x60, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x61, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+            0x6D, 0x00, 0x04, 0x00, 0x17, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x63, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x62, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+            0x3E, 0x00, 0x03, 0x00, 0x5C, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x63, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x3D, 0x00, 0x04, 0x00,
+            0x06, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x68, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x3B, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x80, 0x00, 0x05, 0x00,
+            0x06, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x69, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x68, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x27, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+            0x3E, 0x00, 0x03, 0x00, 0x3B, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x69, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x3D, 0x00, 0x04, 0x00,
+            0x17, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x6A, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x5C, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xC4, 0x00, 0x05, 0x00,
+            0x17, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x6C, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x6A, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x6B, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+            0x3D, 0x00, 0x04, 0x00, 0x17, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x6D, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x57, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+            0xC7, 0x00, 0x05, 0x00, 0x17, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x6F, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x6D, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+            0x6E, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xC5, 0x00, 0x05, 0x00, 0x17, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x70, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+            0x6C, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x6F, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x41, 0x00, 0x06, 0x00, 0x52, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+            0x71, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x67, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x0E, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x68, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+            0x3E, 0x00, 0x03, 0x00, 0x71, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x70, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xF9, 0x00, 0x02, 0x00,
+            0x44, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xF8, 0x00, 0x02, 0x00, 0x44, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x3D, 0x00, 0x04, 0x00,
+            0x06, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x72, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x40, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x80, 0x00, 0x05, 0x00,
+            0x06, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x73, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x72, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x27, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+            0x3E, 0x00, 0x03, 0x00, 0x40, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x73, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xF9, 0x00, 0x02, 0x00,
+            0x41, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xF8, 0x00, 0x02, 0x00, 0x43, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xFD, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00,
+            0x38, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00
+        };
+
         public static readonly byte[] ConvertIndexBufferShaderSource = new byte[]
         {
             0x03, 0x02, 0x23, 0x07, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x0A, 0x00, 0x08, 0x00, 0x91, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan/SyncManager.cs

@@ -125,6 +125,24 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
 
             if (result != null)
             {
+                if (result.Waitable == null)
+                {
+                    return;
+                }
+
+                long beforeTicks = Stopwatch.GetTimestamp();
+
+                if (result.NeedsFlush(FlushId))
+                {
+                    _gd.InterruptAction(() =>
+                    {
+                        if (result.NeedsFlush(FlushId))
+                        {
+                            _gd.FlushAllCommands();
+                        }
+                    });
+                }
+
                 lock (result)
                 {
                     if (result.Waitable == null)
@@ -132,19 +150,6 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
                         return;
                     }
 
-                    long beforeTicks = Stopwatch.GetTimestamp();
-
-                    if (result.NeedsFlush(FlushId))
-                    {
-                        _gd.InterruptAction(() =>
-                        {
-                            if (result.NeedsFlush(FlushId))
-                            {
-                                _gd.FlushAllCommands();
-                            }
-                        });
-                    }
-
                     bool signaled = result.Signalled || result.Waitable.WaitForFences(_gd.Api, _device, 1000000000);
 
                     if (!signaled)

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan/TextureBuffer.cs

@@ -67,6 +67,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
             return GetData();
         }
 
+        public void CopyTo(BufferRange range, int layer, int level, int stride)
+        {
+            throw new NotImplementedException();
+        }
+
         public void Release()
         {
             if (_gd.Textures.Remove(this))

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan/TextureView.cs

@@ -563,6 +563,34 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
             }
         }
 
+        public void CopyTo(BufferRange range, int layer, int level, int stride)
+        {
+            _gd.PipelineInternal.EndRenderPass();
+            var cbs = _gd.PipelineInternal.CurrentCommandBuffer;
+
+            int outSize = Info.GetMipSize(level);
+            int hostSize = GetBufferDataLength(outSize);
+
+            var image = GetImage().Get(cbs).Value;
+            int offset = range.Offset;
+
+            Auto<DisposableBuffer> autoBuffer = _gd.BufferManager.GetBuffer(cbs.CommandBuffer, range.Handle, true);
+            VkBuffer buffer = autoBuffer.Get(cbs, range.Offset, outSize).Value;
+
+            if (PrepareOutputBuffer(cbs, hostSize, buffer, out VkBuffer copyToBuffer, out BufferHolder tempCopyHolder))
+            {
+                offset = 0;
+            }
+
+            CopyFromOrToBuffer(cbs.CommandBuffer, copyToBuffer, image, hostSize, true, layer, level, 1, 1, singleSlice: true, offset, stride);
+
+            if (tempCopyHolder != null)
+            {
+                CopyDataToOutputBuffer(cbs, tempCopyHolder, autoBuffer, hostSize, range.Offset);
+                tempCopyHolder.Dispose();
+            }
+        }
+
         private ReadOnlySpan<byte> GetData(CommandBufferPool cbp, PersistentFlushBuffer flushBuffer)
         {
             int size = 0;
@@ -693,6 +721,30 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
             return storage;
         }
 
+        private bool PrepareOutputBuffer(CommandBufferScoped cbs, int hostSize, VkBuffer target, out VkBuffer copyTarget, out BufferHolder copyTargetHolder)
+        {
+            if (NeedsD24S8Conversion())
+            {
+                copyTargetHolder = _gd.BufferManager.Create(_gd, hostSize);
+                copyTarget = copyTargetHolder.GetBuffer().Get(cbs, 0, hostSize).Value;
+
+                return true;
+            }
+
+            copyTarget = target;
+            copyTargetHolder = null;
+
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        private void CopyDataToOutputBuffer(CommandBufferScoped cbs, BufferHolder hostData, Auto<DisposableBuffer> copyTarget, int hostSize, int dstOffset)
+        {
+            if (NeedsD24S8Conversion())
+            {
+                _gd.HelperShader.ConvertD32S8ToD24S8(_gd, cbs, hostData, copyTarget, hostSize / (2 * sizeof(int)), dstOffset);
+            }
+        }
+
         private bool NeedsD24S8Conversion()
         {
             return FormatCapabilities.IsD24S8(Info.Format) && VkFormat == VkFormat.D32SfloatS8Uint;
@@ -708,7 +760,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
             int dstLevel,
             int dstLayers,
             int dstLevels,
-            bool singleSlice)
+            bool singleSlice,
+            int offset = 0,
+            int stride = 0)
         {
             bool is3D = Info.Target == Target.Texture3D;
             int width = Math.Max(1, Info.Width >> dstLevel);
@@ -718,8 +772,6 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
             int layers = dstLayers;
             int levels = dstLevels;
 
-            int offset = 0;
-
             for (int level = 0; level < levels; level++)
             {
                 int mipSize = GetBufferDataLength(Info.GetMipSize2D(dstLevel + level) * dstLayers);
@@ -731,7 +783,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
                     break;
                 }
 
-                int rowLength = (Info.GetMipStride(dstLevel + level) / Info.BytesPerPixel) * Info.BlockWidth;
+                int rowLength = ((stride == 0 ? Info.GetMipStride(dstLevel + level) : stride) / Info.BytesPerPixel) * Info.BlockWidth;
 
                 var aspectFlags = Info.Format.ConvertAspectFlags();
 

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan/VulkanInitialization.cs

@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
             ExtTransformFeedback.ExtensionName,
             KhrDrawIndirectCount.ExtensionName,
             KhrPushDescriptor.ExtensionName,
+            ExtExternalMemoryHost.ExtensionName,
             "VK_EXT_blend_operation_advanced",
             "VK_EXT_custom_border_color",
             "VK_EXT_descriptor_indexing", // Enabling this works around an issue with disposed buffer bindings on RADV.

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan/VulkanRenderer.cs

@@ -44,6 +44,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
         internal object QueueLock { get; private set; }
 
         internal MemoryAllocator MemoryAllocator { get; private set; }
+        internal HostMemoryAllocator HostMemoryAllocator { get; private set; }
         internal CommandBufferPool CommandBufferPool { get; private set; }
         internal DescriptorSetManager DescriptorSetManager { get; private set; }
         internal PipelineLayoutCache PipelineLayoutCache { get; private set; }
@@ -307,6 +308,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
                 _physicalDevice.PhysicalDeviceFeatures.PipelineStatisticsQuery,
                 _physicalDevice.PhysicalDeviceFeatures.GeometryShader,
                 _physicalDevice.IsDeviceExtensionPresent("VK_NV_viewport_array2"),
+                _physicalDevice.IsDeviceExtensionPresent(ExtExternalMemoryHost.ExtensionName),
                 propertiesSubgroupSizeControl.MinSubgroupSize,
                 propertiesSubgroupSizeControl.MaxSubgroupSize,
                 propertiesSubgroupSizeControl.RequiredSubgroupSizeStages,
@@ -319,6 +321,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
 
             MemoryAllocator = new MemoryAllocator(Api, _physicalDevice, _device);
 
+            Api.TryGetDeviceExtension(_instance.Instance, _device, out ExtExternalMemoryHost hostMemoryApi);
+            HostMemoryAllocator = new HostMemoryAllocator(MemoryAllocator, Api, hostMemoryApi, _device);
+
             CommandBufferPool = new CommandBufferPool(Api, _device, Queue, QueueLock, queueFamilyIndex);
 
             DescriptorSetManager = new DescriptorSetManager(_device);
@@ -375,11 +380,21 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
             _initialized = true;
         }
 
+        public BufferHandle CreateBuffer(int size, BufferAccess access)
+        {
+            return BufferManager.CreateWithHandle(this, size, access.Convert());
+        }
+
         public BufferHandle CreateBuffer(int size, BufferHandle storageHint)
         {
             return BufferManager.CreateWithHandle(this, size, BufferAllocationType.Auto, storageHint);
         }
 
+        public BufferHandle CreateBuffer(nint pointer, int size)
+        {
+            return BufferManager.CreateHostImported(this, pointer, size);
+        }
+
         public IProgram CreateProgram(ShaderSource[] sources, ShaderInfo info)
         {
             bool isCompute = sources.Length == 1 && sources[0].Stage == ShaderStage.Compute;
@@ -816,5 +831,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
             // Last step destroy the instance
             _instance.Dispose();
         }
+
+        public bool PrepareHostMapping(nint address, ulong size)
+        {
+            return Capabilities.SupportsHostImportedMemory &&
+                HostMemoryAllocator.TryImport(BufferManager.HostImportedBufferMemoryRequirements, BufferManager.DefaultBufferMemoryFlags, address, size);
+        }
     }
 }